One of them was sent for pathological examination, which revealed SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) in the cytoplasm of gastric, duodenal and rectum glandular epithelial cells, and pathological findings of numerous infiltrating plasma cells and lymphocytes with interstitial edema [40]. ... Dengue, Influenza and Zika virus. Pathogenic T cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storm in severe COVID-19 patients. Em ano marcado pelo avanço da Covid, os municípios alagoanos registraram queda expressiva de doenças causadas pelo Aedes aegypti, capaz de transmitir a dengue, o zika vírus e a chikungunya. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. 2020;82:e177. Google Scholar. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanrhe/article/PIIS2665-9913(20)30121-1/abstract. He Y, Wen Q, Yao F, Xu D, Huang Y, Wang J. Gut-lung axis: The microbial contributions and clinical implications. There is a vast spectrum of clinical symptoms of COVID-19, ranging from asymptomatic carriers to critically ill patients, characterized by multiorgan failure with the need for multiple life supports [9]. In two cohorts involving 515 and 154 subjects infected with dengue virus, all experienced fever [28, 29]. : ID 3543609. The incidence of ARDS, pulmonary hemorrhage, bilateral pneumonitis, and pleural effusion were 19.4% (n = 8), 21.4% (9), 9.5% (4), and 95.2% (40) in the DF group, respectively [38]. Huang J, Liang W, Chen S, Zhu Y, Chen H, Mok CKP, et al. One of the infectious disease of a primary concern is dengue infection, which its peak season is approaching. a serious tropical disease that is caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes. Dengue is an infection caused by a virus. Dengue, quell'altra epidemia dall'Asia che ritorna a causa del Covid. Crit Rev Microbiol. Taylor & Francis. Matsuura H, Kishida M, Nakata Y, Hirata K, Sasaki E, Kiura Y. Dengue rash: white islands in a sea of red. 1989;74:1235–40. Cao W, Liu X, Bai T, Fan H, Hong K, Song H, et al. In line with such mechanism, cell entry of SARS‐CoV spike‐pseudo‐typed lentiviral particles was facilitated in cell lines expressing FcγRII, but not ACE2, in the presence of anti‐spike antisera from mice immunized with inactivated SARS‐CoV or S‐protein (31). This receptor mediates SARS‐CoV‐2 invasion into immune cells, further spreading viral infection into all organs and ADE. Dengue fever (also known as break-bone fever) is a severe flu-like illness caused by a viral infection spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Prospect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Potential role in vaccine and therapeutic development. Here, we will briefly discuss effects when individuals with an anti‐dengue antibody (Ab) are re‐infected by the dengue virus and relate the findings with the present SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. 2020;tpmd200356. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E are speculated to have some characteristics in common. 2004;39:302–10. Typical symptoms include: 1. sudden onset of fever 2. intense headache (especially behind the eyes) 3. muscle and joint pain (ankles, knees and elbows) 4. loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, a metallic taste in the mouth 5. flushed skin on face and neck, fine … Mechanism of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients. A dengue infection does not protect you from future infection because there are four dengue … In this setting, complete history taking and meticulous physical examinations are needed to be accompanied by judicious laboratory examinations. 2020;105954. - 150.95.105.96. This context results in leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in laboratory tests of patients (4, 5). It causes a high fever…: Vedi di più ancora nel dizionario Inglese - Cambridge Dictionary Compared to SARS-CoV-2, the dengue virus does not have spike protein but has three main structural protein genes, including nucleocapsid (N) or core protein, membrane (M) glycoprotein, and envelope (E) protein [8]. Budden KF, Gellatly SL, Wood DLA, Cooper MA, Morrison M, Hugenholtz P, et al. Indian J Med Res. It is the fastest spreading vector-borne viral disease and is now endemic in over 100 countries, resulting in 40% of the world’s population living in an area at risk for dengue. By nature, at this time point, trustworthy proofs for ADE playing clinically a role are not available and might be expected earliest in fall of 2020. L'epidemia di coronavirus starebbe paradossalmente favorendo lo sviluppo di un'altra malattia infettiva e mortale: la febbre dengue. Due to this diagnosis, the nurse does not wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for COVID-19. proposed three possible mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in SARS-CoV-2 infections, which are platelet destruction by the immune system, increased platelet consumption, and the inhibition of platelet synthesis [66]. Many proposed that massive cytokines production, leading to cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), played a pivotal role behind COVID-19 pathophysiology in severe and critically ill patients [13,14,15,16]. Severe neutropenia in dengue patients: prevalence and significance. Cytokine signature associated with disease severity in dengue. In a prognostic study evaluating DD for predicting severe dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) involving 41 dengue patients (22 girls, 19 boys), high DD was significantly present (P < 0.03) in DHF group (n = 26; 87%) than in DF group (n = 4; 13%) and it predicted severe dengue with sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 67%, respectively [80]. Three of them correspond to the acquisition of the virus and subsequent viremia, secondary damage of organs and tissues, which are not exhibited by all patients, and overall clinical improvement, respectively [11]. After a second infection with the same SARS‐CoV‐2 strain virus destruction may occur, if the NAb titer is high enough. Is COVID‐19 receiving ADE from other coronaviruses? Are there indications that ADE might be relevant in the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic? The S protein is then hydrolyzed by transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and can enter the host cell. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. Natural History of Dengue Virus (DENV)—1 and DENV—4 Infections: Reanalysis of Classic Studies. Srichaikul T, Nimmannitya S, Sripaisarn T, Kamolsilpa M, Pulgate C. Platelet function during the acute phase of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Furthermore, a cohort study from China confirmed that RNA of SARS-CoV-2 had been detected in a stool specimen [40]. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/7/3/ofaa102/5810740. Trung DT, Thao LTT, Hien TT, Hung NT, Vinh NN, Hien PTD, et al. All of them had positive RT-PCR in the liver tissues biopsy, but due to viral load suppression by antiviral treatment before the biopsy, no virus could be identified from the electron microscopy [45]. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response. Based on four descriptive studies, diarrhea presented in 2, 3, 10, and 34% of COVID-19 patient, respectively [27, 30,31,32]. This theory speculated that SARS-CoV-2 inhibits platelet formation in the bone marrow through certain receptors leading to thrombocytopenia. Wang S, He R, Patarapotikul J, Innis BL, Anderson R. Antibody-enhanced binding of dengue-2 virus to human platelets. Int J Antimicrob Agents. Blood Cells Mol Dis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. (41), who found that antisera from recovered SARS or COVID‐19 patients had only limited cross neutralization effects of 293/hACE2 cells' infection with SARS‐CoV S or SARS‐CoV‐2 S pseudovirons. 1989;5:12–6. Based on a single-center observational cohort study, 80% of the patients who are affected with SARS-CoV-2 are mild to moderately ill, 13.8% are severely ill, and the rest of them are critically ill, defined as one of the following: respiratory failure, septic shock, or multiorgan failure [10]. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) status from the public health emergency of international concern to a pandemic [1]. Another study of COVID-19 patients involving 869 patients found that 315 (36.2%) of them developed thrombocytopenia [44]. Mechanisms of lymphocyte loss in SARS coronavirus infection. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6357178/. Mayo Clin Proc. Learn about our remote access options, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Department of Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Even so, the potential threat of ADE has to be investigated more closely, particularly in view of the vast number of recovered individuals who have already developed immunity. One cohort study from China showed that 38 of 55 (76%) dengue fever patients had leukopenia [93]. Walls AC, Park Y-J, Tortorici MA, Wall A, AT MG, Veesler D. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. COVID-19 coagulopathy in Caucasian patients. Correspondence to One patient was initially mistaken with dengue infection due to skin rash presenting as petechiae and laboratory findings of thrombocytopenia. However, in patients with severe dengue, lymphopenia was more prevalent than in non-severe variants (82.5% vs 58.3%) and significantly (p = 0.005) predict the severe dengue course with an odds ratio of 3.367 (OR = 1.396–8.123, 95% CI) [65]. However, three pathways may explain this condition. It has been shown that during dengue infection, the stimulatory effect of acute-phase plasma leads to aggregation of autologous platelets [69]. Dengue is a mosquito-borne flavivirus found in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, mostly in urban and semi-urban settings. La dengue est accompagnée de symptômes tels que des rougeurs, des douleurs musculaires aiguës, alors que le Covid-19 se manifeste principalement par des problèmes respiratoires sévères. In addition, 10% of these patients required invasive mechanical ventilation and another 5% experienced refractory hypoxemia [30]. Cytometry has been an important technology to facilitate investigation in SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV as well as in dengue research and diagnosis. Spike (S) proteins of SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 are binding with the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) to the enzymatic domain of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the host cell surface. For this reason, vaccinating is now recommended for seropositive subjects aging between 9 and 45 years (14). Lee LK, Gan VC, Lee VJ, Tan AS, Leo YS, Lye DC. The spike glycoprotein comprises two subunits which are responsible for the binding of the virus to the host cell receptor (S1 subunit) and the fusion of the virus to the cell membrane (S2 subunit) [6]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi Zhonghua Ganzangbing Zazhi Chin J Hepatol. Gastroenterology. Lin SF, Liu HW, Chang CS, Yen JH, Chen TP. This is not unusual considering that cough can also be found in patients with dengue infection on the early days of the disease, which present in 21.5% dengue patients [37]. Dengue virus, a flavivirus, propagates in human bone marrow progenitors and hematopoietic cell lines. Therefore, when a diagnosis of an infectious disease is not yet firmly established, we believed it is judicious to take additional safety measures by using the appropriate PPE, especially in the setting of a pandemic in tropical countries, which other diseases might obscure COVID-19 diagnosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. The existence of ADE in SARS‐CoV‐2 might aggravate the COVID‐19 pandemic with higher morbidity and mortality, when convalescent patients will encounter infections in the future by possibly mutated strains (44, 45). Dengue-associated adult respiratory distress syndrome. Elsevier; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 25];0. 2020 [cited 2020 May 4]; Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00134-020-06059-6. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Natl Sci Rev. In patients with DHF, bone marrow studies showed marked hypocellularity of all hematopoietic cell lines in the early phase of the acute febrile illness [73]. SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic and recurrent dengue epidemics in tropical countries have turned into a global health threat. Walls and co‐workers (26) in contrast demonstrated in a cell culture model that NAbs derived from SARS‐CoV immunized mice prevented SARS‐CoV‐2 pseudovirus entry. This condition is purposely to protect the marrow stem/progenitor cell compartment from subsequent damaging inflammation intended to eliminate infected cells [91]. Green S, Vaughn DW, Kalayanarooj S, Nimmannitya S, Suntayakorn S, Nisalak A, et al. Nat Rev Microbiol. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Lancet. Dengue was diagnosed by either detection of nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), real-time PCR, or serologic conversion. Fever was also absent in this patient, but after few days, the disease progressed and manifested as respiratory distress, then the patient was referred to the tertiary hospital, in which he was subsequently diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and was confirmed by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [62]. Diarrhea as a part of clinical manifestation of COVID-19 presents variably. In contrast, not much is known about the characteristic temperature pattern of COVID-19. It has been demonstrated that this polymorphism affects susceptibility or severity of several infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, dengue fever, HIV infection, and SARS infection (35-38). School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jl. Coronaviruses belong to the Coronavirida family (Orthocornavirinae subfamily) and are RNA viruses like the dengue virus. In addition, immunized patients may be re‐infected with a different SARS‐CoV‐2 strain, such as a RBD‐mutated strain. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Campbell KM, Lin CD, Iamsirithaworn S, Scott TW. Halstead S, O’Rourke E. Dengue viruses and mononuclear phagocytes. Prospective cohort study also confirms this, with headache only presented in three subjects (8%) out of 41 subjects [30]. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for deteriorating patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Elsevier. This viral disease is responsible for devastating pneumonia, named coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and projected to persist until the end of the year. Dengue may be misdiagnosed as other illnesses: such as influenza, typhoid, zika or malaria. Because of risk of infection, many research groups are not capable of performing necessary flow cytometric analysis and sorting of the virus (33, 56) and are often restricted to the counting of fixed virus particles (57). Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Working off-campus? J Med Virol. Furthermore, increased permeability is concurrently accompanied by thrombotic state leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which is characterized by the increased levels of D-Dimer, a fibrin degradation product (FDP) [83, 84]. It has four main structural proteins including spike (S) glycoprotein, envelope (E) glycoprotein, membrane (M) glycoprotein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several non-structural proteins and multiple unique accessory proteins [6, 7]. For example, ADE can play a role in individuals with immunity and NAbs against strain A if the next infection is by RBD mutated strain B. Antistrain A NAbs may not neutralize strain B, or antibody titers are too low for sufficient neutralization, or NAbs have efficient neutralizing capabilities, but cell entry occurs via FcγRII into APCs or B cells (43) (see Fig. Convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19: a tried-and-true old strategy?. 2006;100:608–14. Another mechanism is through defective virus-specific antibody that binds to human platelets, supporting a role for immune-mediated clearance of platelets in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia in DHF/DSS [71]. Case report: diagnosis of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) versus tropical diseases in Pakistan. Meanwhile, in dengue fever, the temperature drop after the third day of illness could be a harbinger to systemic circulatory failure leading to hypovolemic shock [8]. Some countries are reporting increased numbers of cases of the disease. While this study was successful in terms of abolishing viral load in 7 of 10 patients together with augmenting saturation by oxyhemoglobin, declining immune response, minimally increased lymphocyte count and partially reduced lung lesions (49), the efficacy is unclear as no control treatment was included. Other cytokines that recently were found to contribute in COVID-19 are IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), IL-17, interferon (IFN)-γ, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [18,19,20,21]. COVID‐19 vaccine research and development: ethical issues. J Med Virol. Protocols for biosafety guidelines for flow laboratories and equipment protecting the personal and environment have to be applied and existing guidelines possibly adapted to the particular situation (53, 55, 56). J Infect Dis. 2020;34:e212–3. Cutaneous involvement in viral diseases is a common phenomenon, including COVID-19. N Engl J Med. Inhibitory effect of tumor cell-derived lactic acid on human T cells. Dengue fever is an infectious disease carried by mosquitoes and caused by any of four related dengue viruses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;109:3812–9. Elevated exhaustion levels and reduced functional diversity of T cells in peripheral blood may predict severe progression in COVID-19 patients. Hematologic parameters in patients with COVID-19 infection. 2013;4:4. 2017;43:81–95. BioMed Res. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 25]. Bergas, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, 50552, Indonesia, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia / Atma Jaya Hospital, Jl. Huy BV, Hoa LNM, Thuy DT, Van Kinh N, Ngan TTD, Duyet LV, et al. Consequently, he was hospitalized, contact, and droplet precautions were initiated, and appropriate PPE was given for the staff caring for the patient. In addition, DENV can induce clonal selection and expansion of DENV specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells which can produce IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ culminating in a cytokine storm, which indirectly causing liver injury [61]. The authors of this article suggest that the concentration of severe cases of COVID‐19 in certain geographic areas results from ADE responses induced by antibodies developed against similar epitopes of local viruses.