Appl. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.05.009, Carroll, A. L., Desai, S. H., and Atsumi, S. (2016). Trends Microbiol. Production of selenium nanoparticles in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.019, Su, L., Jia, W., Hou, C., and Lei, Y. A biotechnological process involving filamentous fungi to produce natural crystalline vanillin from maize bran. Chem. 1. Future Med. LWT Food Sci. N. Engl. Its outstanding applications in the field of food microbiology, medical microbiology, industrial microbiology, soil microbiology, water and wastewater microbiology, microbial technology (biotechnology), extraction of metals and environmental microbiology including the use of microorganisms as biosensors is as given below. Genomic responses to drugs can be studied using experimental animals (such as laboratory rats or mice) or live cells in the laboratory before embarking on studies with humans. 100, 54785484. The endotoxin proteins Cry and Cyt are currently best known as pesticides. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.016, Hassen, A., Belguith, K., Jedidi, N., Cherif, A., Cherif, M., and Boudabous, A. By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. Biotechnol. Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis in the management of pernicious lepidopteran pests, in Plant, Soil and Microbes, eds K. R. Hakeem and M. S. Akhtar (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 277301. Sci. Bioluminescent E. coli have also been used to signal DNA damage, superoxide radical production, and membrane damage caused by potentially toxic liquids (Bharadwaj et al., 2017). Additionally, transcriptomics can be used to monitor the gene expression of virulence factors in microorganisms, aiding scientists in better understanding pathogenic processes from this viewpoint. With successive generations, the number of male and female mosquitoes with the bacterium tends to increase until the entire mosquito population bears this characteristic. Neonat. Due to their functional groups, these acids, such as acetic, citric, lactic, and succinic acid, are extremely useful as raw materials for the chemical or food industry. Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1118559, Sauer, M. (2016). (2003). doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90093-4, Simpson, D. R. (2008). Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. 63, 541556. Adedayo, M. R., Ajiboye, E. A., Akintunde, J. K., and Odaibo, A. Total and functional antibody response to a quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children. 26, 100108. J. Med. The major application of glucoamylase is the saccharification of partially processed starch/dextrin to glucose, which is an essential substrate for numerous fermentation processes and a range of food and beverage industries. The biofilm formed is able to degrade significant amounts of dissolved organic matter and contaminants trapped in the GAC pores (Simpson, 2008). doi: 10.1007/s00289-008-0987-6, Belda, I., Ruiz, J., Navascus, E., Marquina, D., and Santos, A. Cell Fact. In addition, the incorporation of immunological adjuvants and new methods of insertion of this material into cells of the host organism beyond the intramuscular and dermal routes have increased the popularity as well as the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, since the action of nucleases can inactivate plasmid DNA. Crop Prot. Sci. Res. By contrast, females infected with the bacterium will produce the highest number of viable offspring, increasing the number of infected individuals in the population (Figure 3A). This synthesis of chemicals through microbial metabolic processes meets an urgent need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation. 29, 439444. 67, 122128. Loperon: groupe de gnes expression coordonn par un oprateur. Meijnen, J.-P., Randazzo, P., Foulqui-Moreno, M. R., Brink, J. V. D., Vandecruys, P., Stojiljkovic, M., et al. High rates of population growth have increased the demand for new foods around the world. (1996). Microbes (or microorganisms) are organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.001, Benn, C. S., Fisker, A. Among the microorganisms that act in the biological control of pests, the most widely disseminated species are the fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. 81, 419423. Hum. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.016, Boyer, L. R., Feng, W., Gulbis, N., Hadju, K., Harrison, R. J., Jeffries, P., et al. Kaylas physician immediately prescribed a full course of the antibiotic doxycycline. Synergistic effect of Trichoderma-derived antifungal metabolites and cell wall degrading enzymes on enhanced biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Recent studies have revealed strategies for the development of attenuated strains of the influenza virus that trigger robust immune responses (e.g., Si et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). One such technology employs microorganisms, such as phages, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses, to display repertoires of single-chain variable-domain antibody fragments (ScFvs), antigen-binding fragments (Fab), or domain antibodies (Dabs) on their surfaces (Carter, 2006). Food Sci. Among these are fields that study aspects of whole genomes, collectively referred to as whole-genome methods. Hence, chemicals produced naturally by the microorganisms could be tested, such as teixobactin, the first compound of a new important class of antibiotics. Toxic metabolites are also produced by Myrothecium verrucaria when grown in bioreactors, and when in contact with adult nematodes, the metabolites in suspension kill the adults, in addition to inhibiting egg development and hatching (Twomey et al., 2000). Appl. These products are food additives, beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic), organic acids, enzymes, vitamins, biofuels, bio-fertilizers, metabolites, different types of antibiotics, vaccines in the medical field for the treatment of diseases. In recent years, much progress has been achieved in the development and commercialization of bionematicides (Wilson and Jackson, 2013). Citric acid, for example, has been required on the market for use as a food additive, and all annual worldwide industrial-scale production occurs via the fermentation of glucose, beet molasses, cane molasses, or corn starch using A. niger (Adham, 2002; Ikram-ul et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2016). Today 19, 590601. Bioresour. Bioplastic formulations were recently tested for seed coating of agronomic species. Genetic engineering - arisen from work of microbial genetics and molecular biology. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00795.x, Chumnanpuen, P., Kocharin, K., and Vongsangnak, W. (2016). Opin. Environ. The development of that technique, as well as the enhancement of molecular cloning techniques using plasmids as vectors, expanded the possibilities of microorganism manipulation (Simon and Chopin, 1988; Olsen, 2016) and the large-scale production of microbial products, including those from modified microorganisms. (2008). Genetics of Pseudomonas. However, it may also be obtained via the activity of Rhizopus sp. FASEB J 30, 918. PLoS Negl. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(98)00180-1, Hofvendahl, K., and Hahn-Hgerdal, B. 14, 288304. Bechor, O., Smulski, D. R., Van Dyk, T. K., LaRossa, R. A., and Belkin, S. (2002). 33, 419443. (2016). This page titled 12: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Chim. Nature 523, 208211. Seed coating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as an ecotechnological approach for sustainable agricultural production of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. Acta Biomater. Advances in sequencing and computational biology have drastically increased our capability to explore the taxonomic and functional compositions of microbial communities that play crucial roles in industrial processes. (2016). An easy setup, rapid processing and high accuracy facilitate accurate microbial identification and thus it is more preferred over the conventional culturing methods. Exp. Technol. The physician collected samples of Kaylas blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and synovial fluid (from one of her swollen knees) and requested PCR analysis on all three samples. Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review. 18, 377389. Smith, S. E., and Read, D. (2008). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30472-4_4, Banik, R. M., Mayank Prakash, R., and Upadhyay, S. N. (2008). Biomaterials are artificial or natural products, usually synthesized by microorganisms in different environmental conditions, that can act in biological systems (tissues or organs). Energy 35, 14411449. Additionally, researchers can use reverse genetics, a technique related to classic mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes. doi: 10.1039/C7BM00072C, Pires, A. L. R., Bierhalz, A. C. K., and Moraes, A. M. (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.032, Philip, S., Keshavarz, T., and Roy, I. Kary Mullis and others contributors found that this enzyme could be used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA fragments (Chien et al., 1976; Saiki et al., 1988). Biol. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0012-2016, Lee, K. Y., and Mooney, D. J. Infect. In addition to bioethanol, other energy molecules such as biogas can be obtained from the microbial conversion of biomass. Thus, only in-depth research in this area could result in more complex and efficient microbial factories. The study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide sequence and organization, is called genomics. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.01.021, Druzhinina, I. 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