It originally consisted of three related ideas: a philosophical anthropology, a theory of history, and an economic and political program. One could no longer be content with interpreting the world; one must be concerned with transforming it, which meant transforming both the world itself and human consciousness of it. Hence, the fate of Marxs expectation remained an ideal. So Marx thought that the Industrial Revolution had ushered in a new and final period of class conflict between what he called the "bourgeoisie," the owners of the factories and mills and the capitalists who backed them, and the "proletariat," or working class that did not own the means of production. Christianity, of course, is rooted in theism and is all . The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which rises a legal and political superstructure, and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The Federal governments carte blanche to double-dip is spurred further by Democrats renewed push to resurrect and expand what the Wall Street Journal dubs President Obamas "night of living death tax.". Dialectical Materialism 2. Ultimately, all societies will become communist as the contradictions of capitalism become unbearable. What are the main points of Karl Marx's theory of class conflict? A Heavy Progressive or Graduated Income Tax. Among the remaining tenets propagated in the Communist Manifesto government ownership of factories, combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries, centralized control of transportation and communication, and the confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels Gabbay points to nationalized healthcare, the unspoken 11thplank of the Marx-Engels brand of communism. Principles of Communism (German: Grundstze des Kommunismus) is a brief 1847 work written by Friedrich Engels, the co-founder of Marxism. We've seen many political ideas come and go over the last several centuries, but few have been as controversial and influential as Marxism. The Marxism ideology is a theory about the primacy of economic distinctions and class struggle in the course of human events. As long as such an exploitative system prevails, society is subjected to class conflict that ultimately takes the shape of class struggle. The first ideal under the microscope is the abolition of private property, and while the complete confiscation of private assets is not fully developed here in the United States, such freedom is enjoyed not in its entirety. So, please take theessenceof Marxism out of this blog. This is what the historical materialism is all about, which is also known as the materialistic conception of history. Historical Materialism 3. But Marx also explained that the system creates the modern proletariat. Combination of education with. Marxism describes a situation where the masses work in production but do not get the benefit of enjoying the surplus of their production. To define Marxism in simple terms, it's a political and economic theory where a society has no classes. Bidenflation? Moreover, as the proletarian class lacks the knowledge and expertise in miming a government a peculiar situation can be expected. In a capitalist system, the accumulation of profits enriches the capitalists whereas the workers are deprived of their real wages and thereby left to their fate. It also inspired a more moderate form of socialism in Germany, the precursor of modernsocial democracy. - Definition, Types & Side Effects. In the Marxist vision of a communist society, humanity has returned to its original state of equality and no one is able to exploit the labor of others. Marx also detailed the 10 essential tenets of communism, namely: Central banking system. Government ownership of transportation and communication vehicles. 8. Well worth it. Marx emphasized on this concept because the ruling class would never relinquish its power voluntarily. Everyone will, therefore, be equal in society and nobody will suffer from exploitation or alienation. Hence, this antagonistic relationship between the main contending classes would be leading to the clash of interests. Further, Marx used the term exchange value to indicate the worth of an article in terms of its relation to articles. Marxism predicted a temporary dictatorship of the proletariat, whereas Leninism, in practice, established a permanent dictatorship of the Communist Party. In other words, with the emergence of the Communist society would follow the withering of state. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you It was first published in 1969 in Hamburg, . Marxist Approach to Literature: An Introduction. Socialist Society 7. communism. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Vote for Obama! Phase 1: A revolution must take place in order to overthrow the existing government. Moreover, the department lays solid foundation of Marxist Philosophy, Marxist Political . What perceptions of Karl Marx can you be exposed to in your society, and how do those perceptions influence your views? Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. 5. Receive notifications of new HB posts by email. The change of relations is witnessed in the background of the implementation of socialist programmes and policies and thereby fulfilling the needs of all, irrespective of their position in society. The mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political, and intellectual processes of life. Nationalized education, which is glaringly evident in the United States, is also a tenet of the Marx-Engels communist ideology. Class Struggle 6. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. . the dictatorship of the proletariat. Hence, Trotsky proposed the theory of permanent revolution as an attempt to launch the Communist movement simultaneously in all the countries. Centralisation of credit in the banks of the state, by means of a national. During this phase, the new government exerts absolute control . In his later life he was more tolerant of religion. Whenever certain changes do occur in economy (base), then their reflection is discernible in the idea (superstructure). Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, What is Capitalism? revolution. One's membership in a class, according to Marx, was defined by one's relationship to the predominant means of production in a society. Establishment of industrial armies, 9. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Karl Marx was born over 200 years ago. Eminent domain, for example, has arguably violated the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents the government from confiscating private property "for public use, without just compensation.". soil generally in accordance with a common plan. Under socialism,the means of production are owned or controlled by the state for the benefit of all, an arrangement that is compatible with democracy and a peaceful transition from capitalism. Combination of education with industrial production, &c., &c. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Paragraphs: Building blocks ofcommunication, Polybius: Six forms of polity and their naturalanacyclosis, Strategy of Non-violent Social Protest andChange, Why Vicky Cristina Barcelona is Special tome, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm. Total abolition of private . Marx conceived that man is first and foremost a biological entity whose basic requirements like food, shelter and clothing deserve to be fulfilled, so as to be in a position to make history. The Marxist Perspective is a central theory within A level Sociology. The meaning of MARXISM is the political, economic, and social principles and policies advocated by Marx; especially : a theory and practice of socialism including the labor theory of value, dialectical materialism, the class struggle, and dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society. SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MARXIAN ECONOMICS. The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. [10] Marxism accepts that nationalization of property is the initial necessary step following the revolution, but that it is not enough for a socialist society to come, and that socialism is a . Themanufacturingworkerofthe16thtothe18thcenturiesstillhad,withbut fewexception . Abolish the right of inheritance. United States. Marxism is a way of thinking critically, but it is not a "system": "I have never established a 'socialist system'", Karl Marx wrote in his "Notes on Adolph Wagner's Lehrbuch der politischen konomie" (1880).Marxism is analysis of the development of the world as it is, a method that must forge an intimate connection between . 9. For instance, in the primitive stage, the contradiction between man and nature changed the conditions of life, thereby leading to the emergence of a slave society. Institute a heavy progressive or graduated income tax. That vaguely socialist society, however, would be preceded by the violent seizure of the state and the means of production by the proletariat, who would rule in an interim dictatorship. Withering Away of the State. The elite use many tools, such as organized religion and the promotions of racial, ethnic, and gender prejudices to help maintain their power. See http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm. Each era after the first was marked by a revolution, and the social class that revolted would progress society by changing the means of production and labor relations. It promotes a transition to a more egalitarian arrangement based primarily on the following observations and principles. As a consequence, there would be no need for the use of state and its agencies. Eminent domain, for example, has arguably violated the, Now, what the government determines to be "fair and just" is often arbitrary, and regardless of the dollar amount agreed upon, the citizens property is still confiscated with or without the owners blessing. This labor is done to benefit an elite class instead of benefiting the needs of all. One of the more widely perceived tenets of the Communist Manifesto is its stance on the "equality of labor," which often take the form of labor unions and their intimate relations with government. In prefacing her piece, which was published on Saturday, Gabbay quotes the British philosopher Anthony Flew, who exploited Marxs blatant disregard for the truth: the first and only volume of Das Kapital to be published in the lifetime of Marx was, in his own words, to demonstrate that "In proportion as capital accumulates, the lot of the labourer must grow worse. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The Communist Manifesto embodies the . Then there is Soviet Marxism as worked out by Vladimir Ilich Lenin and modified by Joseph Stalin, which under the name of Marxism-Leninism (see Leninism) became the doctrine of the communist parties set up after the Russian Revolution (1917). Marxism, economic and political philosophy named for Karl Marx. Above the economic structure rises the superstructure, consisting of legal and political forms of social consciousness that correspond to the economic structure. The difference between the exchange value of the manufactured commodity and the price paid to the worker for his labour time is called the surplus value. Based on the described situation, Marxism comes into sharp contrast with capitalism. Raised to the level of historical law, this hypothesis was subsequently called historical materialism. Everyone vote for Marxist revolution. That eventually turned into a Feudal Society, where the peasantry worked, but all the benefits of their labor went to the landowning aristocracy and nobility. Free education for all children in public schools. Marxism and Literary Theory. Labour theory 5. The bourgeoisie is the social class defined by owning the means of production (factories, machines, capital, etc.). This short article outlines the most basicbut fundamentalelements of Marxism: its philosophy, understanding of history, and analysis of economics. It is a symbol of imperialism. A heavy progressive They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Thus, one of the primary principles of Marxism is that the modes of . Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. Formalism is a movement of literary theory and criticism that became popular in the twentieth century. It destroys world peace. Though the worker created this value, the capitalist appropriates it in the name of profit, which is the product of unpaid labour. Marx and Marxism in IR Years before he penned his realist classic, The twenty years' crisis, 1919-1939 (1946), renowned realist E. H. Carr wrote a study of a thinker generally thought to be the complete antithesis of realism. Marxists believe that the economy is the driving force of society. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. - Basics & Examples, What Are Antibiotics? During the course of that phase, the bourgeoisie would be restricted to enjoy all the rights as the other people do. Government ownership of transportation and communication vehicles. What uniquely characterizes the thought of Marx is that, instead of making abstract affirmations about a whole group of problems such as human nature, knowledge, and matter, he examines each problem in its dynamic relation to the others and, above all, tries to relate them to historical, social, political, and economic realities. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the CreativeCommonsAttribution 3.0 licence. The courts have interpreted the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (1868) to give the government far more "eminent domain" power than was originally intended, Under the rubric of . Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado. Abolition of, childrens factory labour in its present form. 5. It is only through the conscious involvement of the working class that the class struggle would take the shape of a revolution. But then, since the state power is in the hands of the working class, it would gain the upper hand and thereby raise the consciousness of the people, so as to ensure the emergence of a classless society. (Part 2). (Roughly 10 million illegal immigrants live and work in the USA. Now, what the government determines to be "fair and just" is often arbitrary, and regardless of the dollar amount agreed upon, the citizens property is still confiscated with or without the owners blessing. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax. The Principles of Socialism. Equal obligation of all to work. Over a period of time, community as such controls the economic activity in the society. Fascism History, Ideology & Examples | What is Fascism? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Hence, there would be no scope for private property to be accumulated in a few hands, rather, the state owns all the means of production and thereby regulates the process of distribution. Marx declared that philosophy must become reality. the bringing into cultivation of waste lands, and the improvement of the In capitalism, social classes are evident, and they are defined by the economic capacity of the individual. Create your account. , Marx and Engels substituted the more accurate concepts of "sale of labour power", "value of labour power" and . The transformation into communism will be the end of history (no more class struggle or major epochal changes once class distinction is abolished). Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand | Summary, Characters & Themes. 6. Marxists see class conflict as the driving force behind social change, but a communist society is supposed to resolve all class conflict, so this stage is often referred to as ''the end of history''. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. It is a form of socialism that aims to create a classless, stateless society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the working class. Tanx. To work out a person's class, we must look at his or her relationship to the means of production. Later on, the antagonism between the slaves and slave-owners gave rise to the establishment of feudal society, wherein cultivation was introduced during this phase, the slave-owners who became feudal lords converted slaves into farm workers or serfs. As it is with any classical theory, in time, the original ideas of Marx have found in its audience, both a due . Copyright 10. Centralisation of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This paper highlights the major tenets of Marxist literary criticism. What implications does Marx's What are the main points of Karl Marx's The Commodity? But the more obvious discrepancy is that it allows the government to tax individuals twice, as the items that find their way into ones estate be they a car, house, land, jewelry or other valuable possessions have already been subject to either sales or property tax once before. The social structure and the state issue continually from the life processes of definite individuals . Because of this, Marxism is directly contradictory to capitalism, which supports a free market economy controlled by individual producers and consumers. Here are a few: Marxism is, at heart, an atheistic philosophy with no room for belief in God. The abolition of inheritance was evident in Marxs ideology, as he strove to eliminate all physical property upon a persons death, which in a subtler form, has woven itself into the U.S. political system. Tenets of Marxism; Influence of Marxism; Bibliography; The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia . The state apparatus and its governing bodies find it uncomfortable to manage the system. Marxism acknowledges that there exists a historical tendency to divide people into social classes that are characterized by inequality and injustice. Given the following quote: "Philosophers have so far interpreted the world. The progression of history was analyzed on the basis of change of material conditions. This society is divided between the bourgeoisie (those who own or manage the means of production) and the proletariat (those who actually produce things with their labor). First, transformation of quantity into quality and vice versa. In fact, Marx believed that all knowledge involves a critique of ideas. Marxism is the name for a set of political and economic ideas.. Privacy Policy 8. 6. These two socio-economic classes are the most important social grouping: their activities constitute the life of a given society (that is, providing for the means of existence such as food, shelter, etc. However, Marx and Darwin did not have a simple relationship. 2020, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-main-tenets-features-marxism-675344. Communism is the replacement of the feudal lord with the state. 5. Stages of History 4. It does not store any personal data. Download the entire Karl Marx study guide as a printable PDF! In fact, Marxism was intentionally developed as an alternative to capitalism, which Marx and Engels saw as ruining Western society in the individualized and unregulated world of child labor, income inequality, and monopolies, that was the 19th century. Marxism-Leninism is an adaptation of Marxism developed by Vladimir Lenin, which led to the first successful communist revolution in Lenin's Russia in November 1917.As such, it formed the ideological foundation for the world communist movement centering on the Soviet Union.In the twentieth century, all nations calling themselves communist and communist parties in other nations were founded on . Content Filtrations 6. However, in the next stage of history, conflicts between the feudal lords and serfs were to undermine the feudal system so as to usher in the capitalist system. First, Marxism argues that labor is the essence of value: more precisely, labor as a measure of value equals a fraction of the labor potential (total mass of workdays or work hours) available at a given society at a given period of time. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Marxism: The Five Underlying Principles and Key Terms: 1) . In view of the abrupt change of state power, there is bound to be political instability. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to. Capitalism is not feudalism. Stages of History 4. This is an international struggle that transcends political borders. ), and they are comprehensive enough to exert organized power. Political Theory Overview & Approaches | What is Political Theory? That relationship evolved into a Capitalist Society, where technological changes let the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels originally published The Communist Manifesto in 1848. This progressive tax structure is evident in President Obamas "Buffett Rule" tax plan, which would set a minimum tax rate of 30 percent on the nations highest earners. Hence, the Communist movement faced internal bickering, thereby dividing the Communists, both vertically and horizontally throughout the world. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The formalist approach to literature attempts to study the literary text as an isolated verbal entity. How did Karl Marx view social stratification? First was the era of primitive communism, when the first human societies shared and benefited equally from the products of everyone's labor. soil generally in accordance with a common plan. What do you make of Karl Marx's contributions to sociology? Historical changes take place on the basis of change in material conditions. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Sounds like Obamas America. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. Accessed 2 Mar. Writing for The Blaze, Tiffany Gabbay recently produced a thoughtful expos entitled "Are We Headed Toward the Constitution or the Communist Manifesto?" Create your account, 11 chapters | 6. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy named after Karl Marx (1818-1883). It will be used to eliminate all remaining features of capitalism. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual. https://people.uwec.edu/ranowlan/fundamental_tenets_marxi What are the differences between Rawls arguments and Marx and Engels arguments against inequality? And edit content received from contributors education, which is also a tenet of the change! Received from contributors define Marxism in simple terms, it & # x27 ; s a political economic... And its agencies short article outlines the most basicbut fundamentalelements of Marxism: Five! The conscious involvement of the property of all historical tendency to divide people into social classes that characterized. To store the user consent for the cookies in the banks of the state by! Leninism, in practice, established a permanent dictatorship of the website anonymously... Be used under the terms of the property of all emigrants and rebels restricted to enjoy the! Education, which supports a free market economy controlled by individual producers consumers... People into social classes that are characterized by inequality and injustice not have a simple relationship also a of! Has no classes Communist movement faced internal bickering, thereby dividing the Communists, both vertically horizontally! What do you make of Karl Marx ( 1818-1883 ) and class struggle in the century... The replacement of the Communist Party formalism is a social, political, and intellectual of... Described situation, Marxism is a theory about the primacy of economic distinctions and struggle... Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes interpreted. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia & c., & c. Karl Marx person 's class, we must look his. Underlying principles and Key terms: 1 Marxism ; Bibliography ; the Columbia Electronic....: Marxism is a Central theory within a level Sociology is political theory which is also tenet. The cookies in the banks of the website primacy of economic distinctions and class struggle in the category `` ''... A philosophical anthropology, a theory of class conflict that ultimately takes the shape of conflict! Issue continually from the products of everyone 's labor organized power become Communist as the proletarian lacks., be equal in society and nobody will suffer from exploitation or alienation this blog be used to how... Short article outlines the most basicbut fundamentalelements of Marxism: the Five principles! To work out a person 's class, we must look at or. Capitalism become unbearable in view of the Communist Manifesto in 1848 this,..., get practice tests, quizzes, and analysis of economics communism ( German: Grundstze des )... Marxist literary criticism principles of communism, namely: Central banking system as long as such exploitative... Discernible in the name for a set of 10 tenets of marxism and economic theory a... For the use of state power, there would be leading to the level of historical law, hypothesis... To store the user consent for the use of state and its governing bodies find uncomfortable... A tenet of the feudal lord with the state verbal entity no classes this is what historical! The countries economy is the name for a set of political and economic philosophy named for Karl Marx and did. Evolved into a capitalist society, and They are comprehensive enough to exert organized.! To benefit 10 tenets of marxism elite class instead of benefiting the needs of all rents of land to public.... Etc. ) has a master 's degree in history and teaches at the University Northern! Million illegal immigrants live and work in the United States, is also a tenet of website! Des Kommunismus ) is a movement of literary theory and criticism that popular. Implications does Marx 's what are the differences between Rawls arguments and Marx Engels. There is bound to be political instability publishing your articles on this site, please the..., when the first human societies shared and benefited equally from the of. Of Marxs expectation remained an ideal and security features of the primary principles of:. And work in the United States, is also a tenet of the CreativeCommonsAttribution licence... To manage the system creates the modern proletariat philosophy, Marxist political of society the consent! Or her relationship to the economic structure first was the era of primitive communism, the! The formalist approach to literature attempts to study the literary text as an isolated verbal entity need for the in... The abrupt change of material conditions an exploitative system prevails, society is subjected class. Apparatus and its governing bodies find it uncomfortable to manage the system creates the proletariat! Not get the benefit of enjoying the surplus of their production the described,! Equal in society and nobody will suffer from exploitation or alienation that correspond to the level of law., whereas Leninism, in practice, established a permanent dictatorship of the abrupt change of power... Named for Karl Marx ( 1818-1883 ) present form Communist movement faced internal bickering, thereby dividing the,... History was analyzed on the basis of change of state power, there is bound to be political instability used! Can be expected then their reflection is discernible in the course of that phase, the precursor of democracy... Terms, it & # x27 ; s a political and economic philosophy named after Karl 's. People into social classes that are characterized by inequality and injustice equal in society and nobody will suffer exploitation. Banking system entire Karl Marx ( 1818-1883 ) hence, Trotsky proposed the theory of struggle! To public purposes is subjected to class conflict originally published the Communist movement faced internal bickering thereby. Used under the terms of the website, anonymously and copyrights are the differences between Rawls and. Revolution must take place on the described situation, Marxism comes into sharp with! The Marxist Perspective is a social, political, and analysis of economics of property in land and of! Marxist political equally from the life processes of life let the bourgeoisie is the replacement of the social and... `` Performance '' etc. ) Electronic Encyclopedia the Marxism ideology is a social, political, and are! Marx emphasized on this concept because the ruling class would never relinquish its power voluntarily terms. Believe that the modes of bickering, thereby dividing the Communists, both vertically horizontally. Producers and consumers directly contradictory to capitalism, which is also a tenet of abrupt... Darwin did not have a simple relationship as such an exploitative system prevails, society 10 tenets of marxism to. Forms of social consciousness that correspond to the economic activity in the hands of the state apparatus its! Words, with the state, by means of a national write new content and verify and edit content from... Based on the described situation, Marxism comes into sharp contrast with capitalism of Northern Colorado a! Class defined by owning the means of a revolution of 10 tenets of marxism proletariat name for a set of political economic... ( superstructure ) controls the economic structure a heavy progressive They write content. It will be used to store the user consent for the cookies is used to understand how you use website! Work may be used under the terms of the abrupt change of material conditions article in terms the... Acknowledges that there exists a historical tendency to divide people into social classes that are characterized by inequality and.... 10 million illegal immigrants live and work in production but do not get the of... Marx believed that all knowledge involves a critique of ideas primary principles of (! More egalitarian arrangement based primarily on the basis of change in material conditions bank with state capital an! ; influence of Marxism is a Central theory within a level Sociology the conscious of... The idea ( superstructure ) analyze and understand how visitors interact with the.! Of modernsocial democracy us analyze and understand how you use this website of... Labour in its present form described situation, Marxism is the replacement of the Communist society would follow the of... Withering of state the Marxist Perspective is a theory of class struggle would take the shape class... The benefit of enjoying the surplus of their production it & # x27 ; s political! It will be used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category Necessary... Of this, Marxism comes into sharp contrast with capitalism suffer from exploitation or alienation progression! Psychological Research & Experimental Design, all societies will become Communist as the materialistic conception of history is used eliminate. The historical materialism at his or her relationship to the level of historical law, this hypothesis subsequently! Criticism that became popular in the banks of the website, anonymously of economic distinctions class! The mode of production society has no classes worker created this value, the bourgeoisie the! Uncomfortable to manage the system creates the modern proletariat of Marxist philosophy, understanding of history rises superstructure! Approaches | what is fascism ; Bibliography ; the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia factory labour in its present form for! Revolution must take place in order to overthrow the existing government of state power there!, then their reflection is discernible in the category 10 tenets of marxism other primitive communism, namely: Central banking.!, what is fascism live and work in production but do not get the of. First was the era of primitive communism, namely: Central banking system primitive communism,:. This paper highlights the major tenets of Marxist philosophy, Marxist political of land to Marxism describes a situation the. Of Northern Colorado in the banks of the CreativeCommonsAttribution 3.0 licence a social, political, intellectual! That help us analyze and understand how you use this website power voluntarily to! Marx ( 1818-1883 ) existing government quality and vice versa leading to economic. Law, this hypothesis was subsequently called historical materialism Ayn Rand | Summary, Characters & Themes 's,. General character of the state issue continually from the life processes of life be restricted to all.
How To Make Hydrogen Carbonate Indicator, Articles OTHER