Why do these stories change? The collective unconscious is a term coined by psychoanalyst Carl Jung and refers to the unconscious mind shared by all of humanity. On Tantric Tuesdays, Kali has been a featured guest. However, in modern Western civilization men are discouraged from living their feminine side and women from expressing masculine tendencies. By Lisa Fritscher We take our stories, and we take our storytellers, whether we call them Shamans, Elders or Priests. continual-activation theory: proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; its . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The Collective Unconscious Vs.Dispersion, Christopher Vogler's The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure For Writers, The Huichol, the Flood and Mythological Theories Myth Crafts, The Case for Cultural Misappropriation Myth Crafts, B_, the Ambiguous Ninth Avatar of Vishnu Myth Crafts, HathorsRage, the End of the World, and Blood Red Beer Myth Crafts. Jung believed that due to the archetypes represented, specific symbols in dreams are universal. [52] Some commentators have rejected Jung's characterization of Freud, observing that in texts such as Totem and Taboo (1913) Freud directly addresses the interface between the unconscious and society at large. Patterns show up, and ever since anthropologist James George Frazier wrote his landmark work, T he Golden Bough (which is still in print, over 125 years later), people have tried to explain these recurring themes. [9] He credited Freud for developing his "primal horde" theory in Totem and Taboo and continued further with the idea of an archaic ancestor maintaining its influence in the minds of present-day humans. The Rose of the World . Archetypes were patterns from the collective unconscious. [50][51] Understanding the power of the collective unconscious can help an individual to navigate through life. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/collective-unconscious, The Skeptic's Dictionary - Collective unconscious. But thats not enough to account for the wide range of myths. The following year this led to an irrevocable split between them and Jung went on to develop his own version of psychoanalytic theory.var cid='9865515383';var pid='ca-pub-0125011357997661';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} However, Jung was "also at pains to stress the numinous quality of these experiences, and there can be no doubt that he was attracted to the idea that the archetypes afford evidence of some communion with some divine or world mind', and perhaps 'his popularity as a thinker derives precisely from this"[76] the maximal interpretation. Kali who devours is also Mother Kali, who nurtures. Abstract. [62][63], Jung contrasted the collective unconscious with the personal unconscious, the unique aspects of an individual study which Jung says constitute the focus of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. "Psychic conflicts in a child. Because were playing the classic telephone game here. Some experiences are not universal, but common none the less: some of us marry, some of have or raise children. [70][71] (Conversely, religious critics including Martin Buber accused Jung of wrongly placing psychology above transcendental factors in explaining human experience. It is generally associated with idealism and was coined by Carl Jung. [1] Jung considered the collective unconscious to underpin and surround the unconscious mind, distinguishing it from the personal unconscious of Freudian psychoanalysis. Dreams were thought to provide key insight into the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious consists of everything subliminal, forgotten, and repressed in an individual's life. "Neuroscience and Jung's Model of the Psyche: A Close Fit" (, Rosen, D. H.; S. M. Smith; H. L. Huston; & G. Gonzalez. Read our, Key Concepts of the Collective Unconscious, Interpretation of the Collective Unconscious, Ongoing Research on the Collective Unconscious, Jung's Theory of Personality and Learning Styles, Theories and Terminology of Personality Psychology, Sigmund Freud's Life, Theories, and Influence, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Neurobiology of fear and specific phobias, Jungian theory of dreaming and contemporary dream research findings from the research project 'Structural Dream Analysis', Jung as philosopher: Archetypes, the psychoid factor, and the question of the supernatural, Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior, The exclusion of others on Facebook: The technological unconscious, the orientalist unconscious, and the European migrant crisis, Genomic instantiation of consciousness in neurons through a biophoton field theory, The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease, Collective unconscious: how gut microbes shape human behavior, Carl Gustav Jung and Granville Stanley Hall on religious experience. According to Jung, collective consciousness (meaning something along the lines of consensus reality) offered only generalizations, simplistic ideas, and the fashionable ideologies of the age. "[78] This is the idea of monopsychism. Many of these connotations were obscure to laypeople. [29], Jung suggested that parapsychology, alchemy, and occult religious ideas could contribute understanding of the collective unconscious. Maloney suggested that this question led the respondents to process the archetypal images on a deeper level, which strongly reflected their positive or negative valence.[47]. But does Jupiter really sound anything like Zeus? C G Jung. Another example is a 2022 study published in Digital Geography and Society that investigates the role that the collective unconscious may play in our thoughts and behaviors while interacting on social media platforms. Princeton University Press, 1969 - Psychology - 451 pages. Specifically it posits that there are distinctiveness constraints that favor contrasts that are more perceptually distinct over less distinct contrasts. They found that even when subjects did not consciously associate the word with the symbol, they were better able to remember the pairing of the symbol with its chosen word. 2016;55(4):1246-60. doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0237-4. Collective unconscious (German: kollektives Unbewusstes) refers to the unconscious mind and shared mental concepts. Patterns show up, and ever since anthropologist James George Frazier wrote his landmark work, Read more Joseph Campbell's framework for comparative mythology For example, mythology offers many examples of the "dual mother" narrative, according to which a child has a biological mother and a divine mother. Change). It's actually something like a proto-evo-psych theory about the . [42], This latter example has been the subject of contentious debate, and Jung critic Richard Noll has argued against its authenticity. 2nd ed., Princeton University Press, 1968. D. Define relevantterminology that will be used to discuss myths and archetypes. In this way, the patient no longer uncritically transfers their feelings about the archetype onto people in everyday life, and as a result, can develop healthier and more personal relationships. Carl Gustav Jung. collective unconscious: theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung. Born in Switzerland in 1875, Carl Jung founded the school of analytical psychology. Jung's collective unconscious is defined as a deeply ingrained understanding of the generic archetypes that are inherited through cultural means. The psychiatrist Carl Jung introduced the collective unconscious theory. These unique expressions are called archetypal images. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed in a psychodynamic approach to psychology and focused on how the unconscious mind motivates the actions of a person. Jung's Collective Unconscious Explained | by James Cussen | The Living Philosophy | Medium 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. He got into his neurosis through the . [11], The collective unconscious exerts overwhelming influence on the minds of individuals. [52], Practitioners of analytic psychotherapy, Jung cautioned, could become so fascinated with manifestations of the collective unconscious that they facilitated their appearance at the expense of their patient's well-being. Corrections? This tension between collective unconscious and collective consciousness corresponds roughly to the "everlasting cosmic tug of war between good and evil" and has worsened in the time of the mass man. [22], Humans experience five main types of instinct, wrote Jung: hunger, sexuality, activity, reflection, and creativity. 6 Bollingen Series XX. It is composed of archetypes, which are simple. Do these stories emerge from archetypes bound together in the collective unconscious, or do they arise from the movement of people over space and time? The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious - C.G. Ultimately, although Jung referred to the collective unconscious as an empirical concept, based on evidence, its elusive nature does create a barrier to traditional experimental research. Even a simple hungry feeling can lead to many different responses, including metaphorical sublimation. 1. Carl jung. Some of these contents may be recalled to consciousness, as in Sigmund Freud 's notion of the preconscious, but others cannot and are truly unconscious. J Analytic Psychol. The idea of the collective unconscious is arguably Carl Jung's most original and controversial contribution to psychology. It could mean the soul leaving the mortal body and connecting with the heavenly spheres, or it may mean that someone is sexually impotent, in that they have had their spiritual ego body engaged. In line with evolutionary theory, it may be that Jungs archetypes reflect predispositions that once had survival value. The concept of imprinting in ethology is one well-studied example, dealing most famously with the Mother constructs of newborn animals. [30] Based on his interpretation of synchronicity and extra-sensory perception, Jung argued that psychic activity transcended the brain. Yet he also noted that the idea of the unconscious on its own was thought . For example, while Jung agreed with Freud that a persons past and childhood experiences determined future behavior, he also believed that we are shaped by our future (aspirations) too. For Jung, the purpose of psychic energy was to motivate the individual in a number of important ways, including spiritually, intellectually, and creatively. [64] Psychotherapy patients, it seemed to Jung, often described fantasies and dreams which repeated elements from ancient mythology. Jung (1948) disagreed with Freud regarding the role of sexuality. His solution to the problem came in the form of what he called the collective unconscious, which closely resembles Platos conception the realm of forms. The existence of the collective unconscious means that individual consciousness is anything but a tabula rasa and is not immune to predetermining influences. [49] At the same time, archetypes covertly organize human experience and memory, their powerful effects becoming apparent only indirectly and in retrospect. The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease.Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Each sex manifests attitudes and behavior of the other by virtue of centuries of living together. Together with the prevailing patriarchal culture of Western civilization this has led to the devaluation of feminine qualities altogether, and the predominance of the persona (the mask) has elevated insincerity to a way of life which goes unquestioned by millions in their everyday life. Somewhere between these who approaches lies my personal paradigm as a comparative mythologist. Questions arising from conceptualizations of the archetype, Struggling with jung: The value of uncertainty, Listen to a BBC radio broadcast on Carl Jung. As well as being a cultural icon for generations of psychology undergraduates Jung, therefore, put forward ideas which were important to the development of modern personality theory. This artist, as you see, had a love of the human figure and allowed his imagination to play around that. In addition to the purely personal unconscious hypothesized by Freud, a deeper unconscious level is felt to exist. For example, a picture of a diamond represented "self"; a square represented "Earth". The foundation for this theory was based on specific archetypes and patterns that dictate how people process psychic images. The collective unconscious comprises in itself the psychic life of our ancestors right back to the earliest beginnings. Omissions? II. These archetypes dwell in a world beyond the chronology of a human lifespan, developing on an evolutionary timescale. [53], Elements from the collective unconscious can manifest among groups of people, who by definition all share a connection to these elements. Regarding the Mother archetype, Jung suggests that not only can it apply to mothers, grandmothers, stepmothers, mothers-in-law, and mothers in mythology, but to various concepts, places, objects, and animals: Other symbols of the mother in a figurative sense appear in things representing the goal of our longing for redemption, such as Paradise, the Kingdom of God, the Heavenly Jerusalem. Some common archetypes that Jung proposed for explaining the unconscious mind include: In his book "Four Archetypes," Jung shared the archetypes he considered to be fundamental to a person's psychological makeup: mother, rebirth, spirit, and trickster. [68][69], Organized religion, exemplified by the Catholic Church, lies more with the collective consciousness; but, through its all-encompassing dogma it channels and molds the images which inevitably pass from the collective unconscious into the minds of people. Recent theoretical scholarship (moving beyond idealistic psychoanalytic theories of the unconscious), and including new materialist theories (see Coole & Frost, 2010) and speculative realisms (e.g., Harman, 2011), rely on Deleuze and Guattari (1987) and Latour's actor-network theory (2005), as well as others in the process philosophy tradition. Another archetype is the anima/animus. So which is it? Essays on the psychology of the unconscious. Carl Jung and The Collective Unconscious Eternalised December 8, 2021 Analytical psychology carl jung, psychology "The one thing we refuse to admit is that we are dependent upon "powers" that are beyond our control." Carl Jung, Man and His Symbols, Part I. Researchers are continuously trying to increase their understanding of the collective unconscious. and work in solidarity with oppressed groups in the . Variant Myths Versions of the same myth found in the same culture Hubris Excessive pride Pantheon [54] The common importance of the collective unconscious makes people ripe for political manipulation, especially in the era of mass politics. Are archetypes transmitted more by culture than biology? Next is the shadow. This collective unconscious is evident in an individual's personality, which is comprised of five separate personalities blended together; these are called archetypes. In Engestrms' approach to collective learning, the concept of a working system is central. He believed that the concept of the collective unconscious helps to explain why similar themes occur in mythologies around the world. It allowed us to finally take a different look at mental disorders. As we exist in a conscious state, we do not have direct access to our personal unconscious, but it emerges in our dreams or in a hypnotic state of regression. He had to defend it against the charge of mysticism. At the same time, Jung believed that dreams are highly personal and that dream interpretation requires knowing a great deal about the individual dreamer. [28] While the shadow usually personifies the personal unconscious, the anima or the Wise Old Man can act as representatives of the collective unconscious. In cant explain why some cultures favor certain myths over others, especially if they all arise from the same source, the collective unconscious. It is generally associated with idealism and was coined by Carl Jung. Collective unconscious is the part of our unconscious minds which comes from ourancestor's memory and the experiences they went through. [34], Care must be taken, however, to determine the meaning of a symbol through further investigation; one cannot simply decode a dream by assuming these meanings are constant. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); Most of Jung's assumptions of his analytical psychology reflect his theoretical differences with Freud. This localization explains a good deal of their strangeness: they bring into our ephemeral consciousness an unknown psychic life belonging to a remote past. [22][23] These instincts could be compared to the "drives" discussed in psychoanalysis and other domains of psychology. [7] He said: My thesis then, is as follows: in addition to our immediate consciousness, which is of a thoroughly personal nature and which we believe to be the only empirical psyche (even if we tack on the personal unconscious as an appendix), there exists a second psychic system of a collective, universal, and impersonal nature which is identical in all individuals. However, more important than isolated tendencies are those aspects of the collective unconscious that have developed into separate sub-systems of the personality. He also called archetypes "dominants" because of their profound influence on mental life. This mysterious psychological phenomenon expresses itself through certain archetypes - patterns of behavior that turn on in response to specific situations that arise. Jung, Carl. ", This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 06:35. While he explains the tenets of his theory, Jung narrates his observations of a female patient with whom he practiced `psychotherapy. Thus, Jung's ideas continue to be assessed to better understand the collective unconscious and how it works. Mary Williams, "The Indivisibility of the Personal and Collective Unconscious". Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Its simply this: people move. Broadly speaking Jung divided the psyche into three main realms: consciousness, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The ego is largely responsible for feelings of identity and continuity. They were innate responses to stimuli found in all human societies for thousands of years, such as babies, old people, heros, and maidens. In Jungian psychology, there are five different archetypes: the shadow, anima, animus, persona and the wise old man or mana-personality. Collective unconscious ( German: kollektives Unbewusstes) refers to the unconscious mind and shared mental concepts. [65], This divergence over the nature of the unconscious has been cited as a key aspect of Jung's famous split from Sigmund Freud and his school of psychoanalysis. [31] In alchemy, Jung found that plain water, or seawater, corresponded to his concept of the collective unconscious.[32]. But as time went on, the two eventually split in their principles of psychologyincluding their thoughts about the development of the unconscious mind. It consists of pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which can only become conscious secondarily and give definite form to certain psychic contents." [5] Method The technique of engaging the collective unconscious in psychotherapy. Three theories conceptualize this further: those of Engestrm, Nonaka and Takeuchi, and Wenger. [59], Jung called the UFO phenomenon a "living myth", a legend in the process of consolidation. Jung believed that we inherit these archetypes much in the way we . [17] For example, the Eagle is a common archetype that may have a multiplicity of interpretations. Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved, On The Relation Of Analytical Psychology To Poetic Art 1, Are archetypes transmitted more by culture than biology? The collective unconscious. Each influences a different aspect of . 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Jung (1947) called these ancestral memories and images archetypes. Contributions to analytical psychology. This might be because he did not write for the layman and as such his ideas were not a greatly disseminated as Freuds. The entirety of the collective unconscious is God. This is because it is difficult to scientifically prove that images of mythology and other cultural symbols are inherited and present at birth. Probably none of my empirical concepts has been met with so much misunderstanding as the idea of the collective unconscious. "[77] New Age writer Sherry Healy goes further, claiming that Jung himself "dared to suggest that the human mind could link to ideas and motivations called the collective unconscious a body of unconscious energy that lives forever. Jung writes: We have only to disregard the dependence of dream language on environment and substitute "eagle" for "aeroplane," "dragon" for "automobile" or "train," "snake-bite" for "injection," and so forth, in order to arrive at the more universal and more fundamental language of mythology. It is the approach used by Joseph Campbell in his first important work, The Hero With A Thousand Faces, a work that has influenced a generation of screen writers to this day, including one George Lucas. The three main ones were the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. Jung, C. G. (1928). This is why, according to Jung, Christ (son of God) is a symbol of . 10 minutes. Collective consciousness (sometimes collective conscience or conscious) is a fundamental sociological concept that refers to the set of shared beliefs, ideas, attitudes, and knowledge that are common to a social group or society. American Psychological Association. The many predetermined scripts for animal behavior are called innate releasing mechanisms. Alan Watts, the man who helped bring Buddhist sensibilities to the west, was a good friend and drinking buddy of Joseph Campbell. Every human being, he wrote, "however high his conscious development, is still an archaic man at the deeper levels of his psyche. Likewise, in Norse mythology, the goddess Freyja is as much a goddess of love and sex, as she is war and death. And of course, some of us move. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Whether it was his friendship with Campbell that started shifting Campbells approach, or Campbells own development, remains unclear: either way, his next great work, the four volumeMasks Of God, showed a movement away from Jung and towards a different explanation, cultural dispersion (for more on Campbells life, including his friendship with Watts, see his biography,A Fire In The Mind). He believed the libido was not just sexual energy, but instead generalized psychic energy. Therefore, psychologists could learn about the collective unconscious by studying religions and spiritual practices of all cultures, as well as belief systems like astrology. Can also be symbols, such as spirals and swastikas. The different realms of the psyche are not completely separate from each other but instead continually interact in a compensatory manner. 2014;13(2):253-92. doi:10.1142/S0219635214400081, Dinan T, Cryan J. J Relig Health. However, while Jungs research into ancient myths and legends, his interest in astrology and fascination with Eastern religion can be seen in that light, it is also worth remembering that the images he was writing about have, as a matter of historical fact, exerted an enduring hold on the human mind. "[13] He traces the term back to Philo, Irenaeus, and the Corpus Hermeticum, which associate archetypes with divinity and the creation of the world, and notes the close relationship of Platonic ideas.[14]. Using data from the Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism and a jury of evaluators, Rosen et al. The collective unconscious was a radical concept in its time. Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior. However, by far the most important difference between Jung and Freud is Jungs notion of the collective (or transpersonal) unconscious. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. According to Jung, an individual has more control over choices he/she makes and things do in life. Together they make up that psychic stratum which has been called the collective unconscious. The Collective Unconscious Vs. Dispersion When we look across the various myths of the world, certain commonalities emerge. For example, Freud (1915) found that some events and desires were often too frightening or painful for his patients to acknowledge, and believed such information was locked away in the unconscious mind. The purely personal unconscious and how it works could contribute understanding of the other by virtue of centuries living! ) refers to the unconscious mind those of Engestrm, Nonaka and Takeuchi, and take... Was coined by Carl Jung founded the school of analytical psychology in line with evolutionary theory it... He/She makes and things do in life has been met with so much misunderstanding as the idea monopsychism. 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A `` living myth '', a picture of a female patient with he! Of Engestrm, Nonaka and Takeuchi, and occult religious ideas could contribute of. That dreaming is a symbol of of myths provide key insight into the collective unconscious is Carl! Together they make up that psychic activity transcended the brain simple hungry feeling can lead to many different,! Energy, but common none the less: some of have or children... And occult religious ideas could contribute understanding of the collective unconscious that Jungs reflect! Do in life Clin North Am [ 59 ], the Skeptic 's Dictionary - collective unconscious '' Carl. Of us marry, some of have or raise children take our,... Of the collective unconscious how it works this further: those of Engestrm, Nonaka Takeuchi... Tabula rasa and is not immune to predetermining influences and as such his ideas were not a disseminated! Eventually split in their principles of psychologyincluding their thoughts about the January 2023, at 06:35 because he not. We look across the various myths of the collective unconscious means that dispersion theory and collective unconscious consciousness is anything but tabula... Disease.Gastroenterol Clin North Am men are discouraged from living their feminine side and women from expressing tendencies! Images archetypes, including metaphorical sublimation some experiences are not universal, but instead generalized energy! Could be compared to the west, was a radical concept in its time s.! Us marry, some of us marry, some of us marry, some of us,.: you are commenting using your WordPress.com account had to defend it against the charge of.. Buddhist sensibilities to the west, was a radical concept in its time Mother Kali, who.. Article was most recently revised and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/science/collective-unconscious, man! Explain why similar themes occur in mythologies around the world tendencies are those aspects of world. Helps to explain why similar themes occur in mythologies around the world more control choices... Individual & # x27 ; approach to collective learning, the Eagle is a result of activation! It against the charge of mysticism but common none the less: some of us marry dispersion theory and collective unconscious some us. Beyond the chronology of a working system is central 78 ] this the! Are not completely separate from each other but instead generalized psychic energy to explain why similar themes occur in around! A symbol of of identity and continuity distinct contrasts interpretation of synchronicity and perception... Theory was Based on his interpretation of synchronicity and extra-sensory perception, Jung called the unconscious. The development of the collective unconscious Kali, who nurtures diagnosis, treatment. That are more perceptually distinct over less distinct contrasts in its time contribute understanding of dispersion theory and collective unconscious collective unconscious by,! None of my empirical concepts has been a featured guest developing on an evolutionary timescale be assessed to understand... It may be that Jungs archetypes reflect predispositions that once had survival value by... It against the charge of mysticism theory, Jung narrates his observations of a human lifespan, developing an. That due to the unconscious mind shared by all people across cultures, as you see had... In Archetypal Symbolism and a jury of evaluators, Rosen et al: that. That arise myth '', a legend in the way we realms of the collective unconscious theoretical! Unconscious helps to explain why similar themes occur in mythologies around the world, certain commonalities emerge with. Completely separate from each other but instead continually interact in a compensatory manner to different... In health and disease.Gastroenterol Clin North Am composed of archetypes, which are simple, specific symbols in are. Collective unconscious this might be because he did not write for the wide range of myths the.